Gender and Education for All THE LEAP TO EQUALITY

Glossary Adult literacy/illiteracy rate (estimated). Number of literate/illiterate adults, expressed as a percentage of the total adult population aged 15 years and above. A person is considered literate/illiterate if he/she can/cannot read and write with understanding a simple statement related to his/her life. Compulsory education. The age range during which children and young people are legally obliged to attend school. Early childhood care and education (ECCE). Programmes that, in addition to providing children with care, offer a structured and purposeful set of learning activities either in a formal institution (pre-primary) or as part of a non-formal child development programme. ECCE programmes are normally designed for children aged 3 and above and include organized learning activities that occupy on average the equivalent of at least 2 hours per day and 100 days per year. Education for All Development Index (EDI). This composite index aims at measuring overall progress towards EFA. For the time being, the EDI incorporates only the four most quantifiable EFA goals – universal primary education (UPE), adult literacy, gender parity and the quality of education. Its value is the arithmetical mean of the observed values of four indicators measuring each of its different constituents. Enrolment. Number of pupils or students enrolled at a given level of education, regardless of age. See also gross enrolment ratio and net enrolment ratio. Entrance age (official). Age at which pupils or students would enter a given programme or level of education assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied fulltime throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level may be very different from the actual or even the most common entrance age. Fields of study in tertiary or higher education. General programmes: basic programmes, literacy and numeracy, personal development. Education: teacher training and education science. Humanities and Arts: humanities, religion and theology, fine and applied arts. Social Science, Business and Law: social and behavioural sciences, journalism and information, business and administration, law. Science: life and physical sciences, mathematics, statistics and computer sciences. Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction: engineering and engineering trades, manufacturing and processing, architecture and building. Agriculture: agriculture, forestry and fishery, veterinary. Health and Welfare: medical sciences and health-related sciences, social services. Services: personal services, transport services, environmental protection, security services. Foreign students. Students enrolled in an educational programme in a country of which they are not permanent residents. Gender parity index (GPI). Ratio of female-to-male value of a given indicator. A GPI of 1 indicates parity between sexes; a GPI that varies between 0 and 1 means a disparity in favour of boys; a GPI greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of girls. Gender-related EFA index (GEI). This composite index measures relative achievement in gender parity in total participation in primary and secondary education as well as gender parity in adult literacy. The GEI is calculated as an arithmetical mean of the gender parity indices in primary and secondary education and in adult literacy. Grade. Stage of instruction usually covered in one school year. Gross enrolment ratio (GER). Number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the relevant official age group. Gross intake rate (GIR). Number of new entrants into first grade of primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the children of official entrance age to primary education. Gross domestic product (GDP). Sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, including distributive trades and transport, plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Gross national product (GNP). Sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, including distributive trades and transport, plus any product taxes, minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products plus net receipts of income from abroad. As net receipts from abroad may be positive or negative, it is possible for the GNP to be greater or smaller than the GDP. Gross national product per capita. Gross national product in current US dollars divided by the total population. HIV prevalence rate among a given age group. Estimated number of people of a given age group living with HIV/AIDS at the end of a given year, expressed as a percentage of the total population of the corresponding age group. Infant mortality rate. The annual number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). A classification system designed as an instrument for assembling, compiling and presenting comparable indicators and statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally. The system, introduced in 1976, was revised in 1997. Life expectancy at birth. Theoretical number of years that a child will live if the age-specific mortality rates in the year of birth are taken as constant. It is the sum of the survival rates by age. Net attendance ratio. Number of pupils in the official age group for a given level of education who attend school in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Net enrolment ratio (NER). Number of pupils in the official age group for a given level of education enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Net intake rate in primary education (NIR). Number of pupils at the official school entrance age who are new entrants to the first grade of primary education, expressed as a percentage of the children of official admission age to primary education. New entrants. Pupils entering primary education for the first time. Number of children orphaned by AIDS. Estimated number of children aged 0–14 who have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Out-of-school children. Children in the official school-age range who are not enrolled in school. Percentage of new entrants to primary education with ECCE experience. Number of new entrants to primary education who have attended some form of organized ECCE programmes equivalent to at least 200 hours, expressed as a percentage of the total number of new entrants to primary education. Percentage of repeaters. Number of pupils who are enrolled in the same grade (or level) as the previous year, expressed as a percentage of the total enrolment in the given grade (or level) of education. Post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED Level 4). Includes programmes that straddle the boundary between upper secondary and tertiary education froman international point of view. These programmes are often not significantly more advanced than programmes at ISCED 3 (upper secondary) but they serve to broaden the knowledge of participants who have already completed a programme at Level 3. The students are usually older than those at that level. ISCED 4 programmes typically have a duration of between six months and two years. Pre-primary education (ISCED Level 0). Refers to programmes at the initial stage of organized instruction, which are primarily designed to introduce very young children, usually from age 3 or so, to a school-type environment, to provide a bridge between home and school. Such programmes are variously referred to as infant education, nursery education, pre-school education, kindergarten, or early childhood education. They are the more formal component of early childhood care and education (see ECCE). Primary education (ISCED Level 1). Sometimes called elementary education. Refers to educational programmes normally designed on a unit or project basis to give pupils a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathematics and an elementary understanding of subjects such as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music. In some cases religious instruction is also featured. These subjects serve to develop pupils’ ability to obtain and use information they need about their home, community, country, etc. Private enrolment. Number of children enrolled in an institution (school or college) that is not operated by a public authority, but rather controlled and managed on either a profit or non-profit basis by a private body such as a non-governmental organization or association, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise. Public current expenditure on primary education as percentage of total public current expenditure on education. This indicator shows the relative share of public current expenditure on primary education within overall public current expenditure on education. Public current expenditure on primary education per school pupil (unit cost). Measures the average cost of a pupil in primary education Public current expenditure on primary education per school pupil as percentage of per capita GNP. Measures the average cost of a pupil in primary education in relation to the country’s per capita GNP. In other words, the per capita share of primary education unit cost in GNP. Public expenditure on education. Total public finance devoted to education by local, regional and national governments, including municipalities. Household contributions are normally excluded. Public expenditure on education includes both capital and current expenditure. Capital (public) expenditure includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Current (public) expenditure includes expenditure for goods and services consumed within the current year and which would have to be renewed if there were a need for prolongation the following year. It includes expenditure on staff salaries and benefits; contracted or purchased services; other resources including books and teaching materials; welfare services; and other current expenditure such as furniture and equipment, minor repairs, fuel, telecommunications, travel, insurance and rents. Public expenditure on education as percentage of GNP. Total public expenditure on education at every level of administration according to the constitution of the country, i.e. central, regional and local authorities, expressed as a percentage of GNP. Public expenditure on education as percentage of total government expenditure. Total public expenditure education at every level of administration according to the constitution of the country, i.e. central, regional and local authorities, expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). Pupil. Refers to a young person who is enrolled in an educational programme. For the purposes of this report, ‘pupil’ refers to a child enrolled in primary school, whereas children or adults enrolled at more advanced levels are referred to as students. Pupil/teacher (P/T) ratio. Average number of pupils per teacher at the level of education specified in a given school year. When data are available the calculation of the pupil/teacher ratio is based on teachers and pupils expressed in full-time equivalent. Purchasing power parity (PPP). The rate of currency conversion into US dollars that eliminates the differences in price levels among countries. Thus, when expenditure on GNP for different countries is converted into a common currency by means of the PPP it is, in effect, expressed at the same set of international prices so that comparisons between countries reflect only differences in the volume of goods and services purchased. In other words, a given sum of money, when converted into US dollars at the PPP rate (PPP$), will buy the same basket of goods and services in all countries. Repetition rate by grade. Proportion of pupils enrolled in a given grade in a given school year who study in the same grade the following school year. School life expectancy. Number of years a child is expected to remain at school or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the agespecific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary, non-tertiary and tertiary education. School-age population. Population of the age group which officially corresponds to the relevant level of education, whether or not enrolled in school. Secondary education. Includes two levels: lower secondary education (ISCED Level 2), generally designed to continue the basic programmes of the primary level. Teaching at lower secondary level is typically more subject-focused, requiring more specialized teachers for each subject area. The end of this level often coincides with the end of compulsory education. Upper secondary education (ISCED Level 3) is the final stage of secondary education in most countries. At this level, instruction is often organized more along subject lines than at ISCED Level 2 and teachers typically need to have a higher or more subject-specific qualification than at ISCED Level 2. Survival rate. Percentage of a cohort of pupils who enrolled in the first grade of an education cycle in a given school year and who reach a given grade either with or without repeating a grade. Teacher or teaching staff. Number of persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity for the purpose of guiding and directing the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. whether face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) or who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions, such as parents. Teachers’ salaries as a percentage of public current expenditure on education. The share of teachers’ salaries and other remuneration in the total public current expenditure on education. Technical and vocational education. Designed mainly to prepare pupils for direct entry into a particular occupation or trade (or class of occupations or trades). Successful completion of such programmes normally leads to a labour-market relevant vocational qualification recognized by the competent authorities in the country in which it is obtained (ministry of education, employers’ associations, etc.). Tertiary or higher education. Includes two stages: the first stage of tertiary education, ISCED Level 5, includes programmes with an educational content more advanced than those offered at ISCED Levels 3 and 4. This first stage of tertiary education is composed of ISCED Level 5A, which includes largely theoretically-based programmes intended to provide sufficient qualifications for gaining entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skills requirements; and ISCED 5B, which includes programmes generally more practical/ technical/occupationally specific than ISCED 5A. The second stage of tertiary education, ISCED Level 6, is reserved for tertiary programmes leading to the award of an advanced research qualification. The programmes are devoted to advanced study and original research. Total debt service. Sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods or services on long-term debt, or interest paid in shortterm debt, as well as repayments (repurchases and charges) to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Total fertility rate or average number of children per woman. Theoretical number of births to a woman during her child-bearing years, taking the given year’s age-specific birth rates as constant. It is the sum of the age-specific birth rates for all women of childbearing age (15–49). Trained teacher. Teacher who has received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in service) normally required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country. Transition rate to secondary education. Number of pupils admitted to the first grade of secondary education in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of pupils enrolled in the final grade of primary education in the previous year. Youth literacy/illiteracy rate (estimated). The number of literate/illiterate young adults aged 15–24, expressed as a percentage of the total population aged 15–24. A person is considered literate/illiterate if he/she can/cannot read and write with understanding a simple statement related to his/her life.